17개의 많이 사용되는 블록체인 플랫폼

4차산업/블록체인

17개의 많이 사용되는 블록체인 플랫폼

오픈이지 2018. 3. 3. 14:22

[원문] https://medium.com/blockchain-blog/17-blockchain-platforms-a-brief-introduction-e07273185a0b 의 일부를 번역하였으며, 원문을 클릭하여 더 많은 정보를 확인하는것을 권장합니다.

17개의 많이 사용되는 블록체인 플랫폼

Blockchain 기술은 2008 년 Satoshi Nakamoto의 " Bitcoin : Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System " 이라는 제목의 논문을 통해 발표 되었지만 이 문서에서는 특별히 블록체인이라는 단어를 사용하지는 않았다. 이 논문에서는 "해시기반의 작업증명을 지속적인 사슬로 해싱하여 크랜잭션을 타임스탬프로 처리하며, 작업증명을 다시 하지 않으면 변경될수 없는 레코드를 형성한다고 설명하고 있다.

분산 원장은 정의 된 합의 메커니즘을 사용하여 순서가 지정된 일련의 타임 스탬프가 기록 된 레코드를 수정하지 못하도록하는 피어 투 피어 네트워크로 정의한다.

다음은 알파벳 순서로 많이 사용되는 블록체인 / 분산원장시스템이다.

1. BigChainDB: 분산 데이터베이스 빅데이터로 시작하여 블록체인 특성을 추가한 오픈소스 시스템. .

2. Chain Core: 허가 된 블록 체인 인프라에서 금융 자산을 발행하고 전송하는 블록 체인 플랫폼.

3. Corda : 플러그 가능한 컨센서스가있는 분산 원장 플랫폼.

4. Credits: 권한이 부여 된 분산 원장 구축을 위한 개발프레임워크.

5. Domus Tower Blockchain: 초당 백만건이상의 트랜잭션처리 처리 환경을 위해 설계된 플랫폼.

6. Elements Blockchain Platform : Bitcoin 기능 확장을 위한 오픈 소스 프로토콜 레벨 기술.

7. Eris : Bitcoin기능 확장을 위한 오픈소스 프로토콜 레벨 기술.

8. Ethereum: 맞춤형 블록체인에서 스마트 계약을 실행하는 분산 플랫폼.

9. HydraChain: 사설 및 컨소시엄 체인에서 Permissioned Distributed Redgers 를 만들기위한 Ethereum 확장.

10. Hyperledger Fabric : 서로 다른 구성원 노드 집합간에 서로 다른 자산, 계약 및 트랜잭션을 관리하는 시스템.

11. Hyperledger Iroha: 모바일 응용 프로그램 개발에 중점을 둔 "단순하고 모듈화 된"분산 원장 시스템.

12. Hyperledger Sawtooth Lake : 거래 비즈니스 로직이 합의계층과 분리된 모듈식 블록체인 제품군.

13. Multichain: 다중 자산 금융 거래를 위한 비트코인 블록체인을 기반으로하는 오픈 소스 블록 체인 플랫폼.

14. Openchain: 디지털 자산 발행 및 관리를 위한 오픈소스 분산원장 시스템.

15. Quorum: Ethereum을 기반의 오픈소스 분산원장 및 스마트 계약 플랫폼.

16. Stellar: Stellar네트워크 백본인 Stellar Core에 연결되는 RESTful HTTP API 서버를 제공하는 오픈소스 분산형 지불 인프라.

17. Symbiont Assembly: 아파치 카프카 (Apache Kafka)에서 영감을 얻은 분산원장

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[원문] https://medium.com/blockchain-blog/17-blockchain-platforms-a-brief-introduction-e07273185a0b

17 blockchain platforms — a brief introduction

Blockchain technology was announced through the paper titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Interestingly, this paper does not specifically use the word “blockchain”.

This paper talks about a “purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash” where “the network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of- work”.

The open source PT-BSC (Blockchain Security Controls) defines a blockchain as a peer-to-peer network which timestamps records by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. A blockchain can be permissioned, permission-less or hybrid.

On the other hand, a distributed ledger is defined as a peer-to-peer network, which uses a defined consensus mechanism to prevent modification of an ordered series of time-stamped records. Consensus mechanisms include Proof of stake, Federated Byzantine Agreement etc.

The more popular blockchain / distributed ledger systems in alphabetical order are:

1. BigChainDB, an open source system that “starts with a big data distributed database and then adds blockchain characteristics — decentralized control, immutability and the transfer of digital assets”.

2. Chain Core, a blockchain platform for issuing and transferring financial assets on a permissioned blockchain infrastructure.

3. Corda, a distributed ledger platform with pluggable consensus.

4. Credits, a development framework for building permissioned distributed ledgers.

5. Domus Tower Blockchain, designed for regulated environments, benchmarked at ingesting over 1 million transactions per second.

6. Elements Blockchain Platform, an open source, protocol-level technology for extending the functionality of Bitcoin.

7. Eris:db, an open source, protocol-level technology for extending the functionality of Bitcoin.

8. Ethereum, a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts on a custom built blockchain.

9. HydraChain, an Ethereum extension for creating Permissioned Distributed Ledgers for private and consortium chains.

10. Hyperledger Fabric, which supports the use of one or more networks, each managing different Assets, Agreements and Transactions between different sets of Member nodes.

11. Hyperledger Iroha, a “simple and modularized” distributed ledger system with emphasis on mobile application development.

12. Hyperledger Sawtooth Lake, a modular blockchain suite in which transaction business logic is decoupled from the consensus layer.

13. Multichain, an open-source blockchain platform, based on bitcoin’s blockchain, for multi-asset financial transactions.

14. Openchain, an open source distributed ledger system for issuing and managing digital assets.

15. Quorum, an open source distributed ledger and smart contract platform based on Ethereum.

16. Stellar, an open-source, distributed payments infrastructure that provides RESTful HTTP API servers which connect to Stellar Core, the backbone of the Stellar network.

17. Symbiont Assembly, a distributed ledger inspired by Apache Kafka.

Note: In this article, the terms blockchain and distributed ledger systems are used inter-changeably.

1. BigchainDB

BigchainDB is an open source system that “starts with a big data distributed database and then adds blockchain characteristics — decentralized control, immutability and the transfer of digital assets”.

BigchainDB seeks to attain performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.

BigchainDB key features include:

1. Each write is recorded on the blockchain database without the need for Merkle Trees or sidechains.

2. Support for custom assets, transactions, permissions and transparency.

3. Federation Consensus Model (federation of voting nodes).

4. Supports public and private networks.

5. Has no native currency — any asset, token or currency can be issued.

6. Set permissions at transaction level.

7. It is open source.

Consensus mechanism: Federation of nodes with voting permissions

Useful links:

• BigchainDB official website: https://www.bigchaindb.com/

• BigchainDB whitepaper: https://www.bigchaindb.com/whitepaper/bigchaindb-whitepaper.pdf

• BigchainDB roadmap: https://github.com/bigchaindb/org/blob/master/ROADMAP.md

2. Chain Core

Chain Core is a blockchain platform for issuing and transferring financial assets on a permissioned blockchain infrastructure. Chain Core runs on the open-source Chain Protocol.

Chain Core Developer Edition is free while the Chain Core Enterprise Edition is a commercial product.

The creation, control and transfer of assets are decentralised among participants on Chain blockchain networks. The operation of the network is governed by a federation — a designated set of entities. The assets on Chain blockchain networks include currencies, securities, derivatives, gift cards, and loyalty points.

Chain core key features include:

1. Native digital assets — currencies, securities etc.

2. Role-based permissions for operating, accessing, and participating in a network.

3. Support for multi-signature accounts.

4. Federated consensus.

5. Support for smart contracts.

6. Transaction privacy.

Consensus mechanism: Federated consensus

Useful links:

• Chain Core official website: https://chain.com

• Chain Core whitepaper: https://chain.com/docs/protocol/papers/whitepaper

3. Corda

Corda is an open-source distributed ledger platform with pluggable consensus — “it supports multiple consensus providers employing different algorithms on the same network”.

Corda is probably the only distributed ledger platform with pluggable consensus.

Corda’s key features include:

1. No global broadcasting of data across the network.

2. Pluggable consensus.

3. Querying with SQL, join to external databases, bulk imports.

Consensus mechanism: Pluggable consensus

Useful links:

• Corda official website: https://www.corda.net

• Corda whitepaper: https://docs.corda.net/_static/corda-technical-whitepaper.pdf

4. Credits

Credits is a development framework for building permissioned distributed ledgers.

Consensus mechanism: Credits uses a variant of Proof of Stake (a leaderless two-phase commit algorithm with variable voting power).

Useful links:

• Credits official website: https://credits.works/

• Credits documentation: https://credits.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

5. Domus Tower Blockchain

Domus Tower Blockchain is an interesting solution that has been designed for regulated environments such as securities trading where participants know each other and can independently decide whom to trust.

According to its whitepaper, Domus Tower Blockchain has been “benchmarked at ingesting over 1 million transactions per second on hardware costing less than $50 per hour on Amazon’s Web Services with the potential to scale to greater than 10 million transactions per second”.

Data storage is contained in a Merkle directional acyclic graph (MerkleDAG) and nodes on this graph are referred to as “blocks”. The data transmitted to the blockchain is digitally signed and verified before it is written to a block.

Domus Tower Blockchain’s key features include:

1. Creation of linked blockchains where the assets of an account on one blockchain must match the liabilities on the account of another blockchain.

2. Capability of recording a high rate of transactions in a scalable manner.

3. Recording of double-entry balance sheet that tracks credits and debits.

Consensus mechanism: Any agent that has write access to a blockchain has 100% authority to write transactions to that chain. Authority is centralized under this model.

Useful links:

• Domus Tower Blockchain official website http://domustower.com/

• Domus Tower Blockchain whitepaper http://domustower.com/domus-tower-blockchain-latest.pdf

6. Elements Blockchain Platform

Elements is an open source, protocol-level technology for extending the functionality of Bitcoin.

Elements’ key features include:

1. Confidential Assets — issue multiple assets who’s identifiers and amounts are blinded yet auditable.

2. Confidential Transactions — keep the amounts transferred visible only to participants in the transaction and to designated entities.

3. Additional opcodes — these include previously disabled opcodes (including string concatenation and substrings, integer shifts, and several bitwise operations), new DETERMINISTICRANDOM operation (which produces a random number within a range from a seed) and new CHECKSIGFROMSTACK operation (which verifies a signature against a message on the stack, rather than the spending transaction itself).

4. Deterministic Pegs — which allow cross-chain transactions to be constructed in a decentralized fashion and tokens to be moved from one blockchain to another.

5. Signed Blocks — this allows blocks can be cryptographically signed, thereby allowing the creator of the block to verify their identity in the future.

6. Segregated Witness. Bitcoin transactions contain two things i.e. information about the effect on the ledger and data proving that the transaction is authorized. Using witness segregation, transaction IDs are redefined to only depend on the effect information and blocks commit separately to the witness data. This eliminates all known forms of transaction malleability.

7. Relative Lock Time which allows a transaction to be time-locked.

Useful links:

• Elements official website: https://elementsproject.org/

• Github page: https://github.com/ElementsProject/elements

7. Eris:db

Eris-db is a permissioned distributed ledger client that executes Ethereum smart contracts on a permissioned virtual machine.

Eris’ key features include:

1. Multiple interfaces

2. Ethereum Virtual Machine

3. Permissioned systems

Consensus mechanism: Byzantine fault-tolerant Tendermint consensus engine, which is a deposit based proof of stake protocol.

Useful links:

• Eris’ official website: https://monax.io/platform/db/

8. Ethereum

Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts on a custom built blockchain.

Ethereum’s key features include:

1. Ethereum Wallet — which facilitates holding crypto-assets as well as writing, deploying and using smart contracts.

2. Creation of crypto-currencies

3. Creation of democratic autonomous organizations (DAOs)

4. Command line tools built in Go, C++, Python, Java etc.

Consensus mechanism: Ethash, a proof of work algorithm

Useful links:

• Ethereum’s official website: https://ethereum.org/

• Ethereum whitepaper: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper

9. Hydrachain

HydraChain is an Ethereum extension for creating Permissioned Distributed Ledgers for private and consortium chains.

HydraChain’s key features include:

1. Full Compatibility with the Ethereum Protocol

2. Accountable Validators

3. Instant finality of blocks and no forks or reverts.

4. Support for sub-second block times.

5. New blocks are only created in the presence of pending transactions.

6. Infrastructure for developing smart contracts in Python.

7. Customizability of transaction fees, gas limits, genesis allocation, block time etc.

8. Open Source

Consensus mechanism: Byzantine fault tolerant consensus protocol

Useful links:

• HydraChain official site: https://github.com/HydraChain/hydrachain

10. Hyperledger Fabric

Hyperledger Fabric supports the use of one or more networks, each managing different Assets, Agreements and Transactions between different sets of Member nodes.

Hyperledger Fabric’s key features include:

1. Query and update ledger using key-based lookups, range queries, and composite key queries.

2. Read-only history queries.

3. Transactions contain signatures of every endorsing peer and are submitted to ordering service

4. Peers validate transactions against endorsement policies and enforce the policies

5. A channel’s ledger contains a configuration block defining policies, access control lists, and other pertinent information

6. Channel’s allow crypto materials to be derived from different certificate authorities

Consensus mechanism: Consensus is ultimately achieved when the order and results of a block’s transactions have met the explicit policy criteria checks.

Useful links:

• Hyperledger Fabric’s githib page: https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric

11. Hyperledger Iroha

Hyperledger Iroha is a “simple and modularized” distributed ledger system with emphasis on mobile application development.

Consensus mechanism: Sumeragi, a Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus algorithm heavily inspired by the B-Chain algorithm.

Useful links:

• Hyperledger Iroha’s github page: https://github.com/hyperledger/iroha

12. Hyperledger Sawtooth Lake

Hyperledger Sawtooth Lake is a modular blockchain suite that supports both permissioned and permissionless deployments. Transaction business logic in Hyperledger Sawtooth Lake is decoupled from the consensus layer.

Consensus mechanism: Proof of Elapsed Time

Useful links:

• Hyperledger Sawtooth’s official website: https://01.org/sawtooth/

• Hyperledger Sawtooth’s github page: https://github.com/hyperledger/sawtooth-core

• Hyperledger Sawtooth’s demo on “Bringing traceability and accountability to the supply chain”: https://01.org/sawtooth/seafood.html

• Hyperledger Sawtooth’s demo on “Enabling secure and efficient bond settlement”: https://01.org/sawtooth/bond.html

13. Multichain

Multichain is an open-source blockchain platform, based on bitcoin’s blockchain, for multi-asset financial transactions.

Multichain’s key features include:

1. Native multi-currency support.

2. Atomic two- or multi-way exchanges of assets between participants.

3. Permission management.

4. Rapid deployment.

5. Multiple networks can simultaneously be on a single server.

6. Per-network custom parameter (permitted transaction types, confirmation times, minimum quantities, transaction rate and size limits).

7. Data streams.

Consensus mechanism: Distributed consensus between identified block validators. This is similar to Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) with one validator per block, working in a round-robin type of fashion.

Useful links:

• Multichain official site: http://www.multichain.com/developers/

• Multichain whitepaper: http://www.multichain.com/white-paper/

• YobiChain, an open source project for creating a private blockchain

ecosystem preloaded with MultiChain and related tools: https://github.com/Primechain/yobichain

14. Openchain

Openchain is an open source distributed ledger system for issuing and managing digital assets.

Openchain’s key features include:

1. Tokens on Openchain can be pegged to Bitcoin, making it a sidechain.

2. Smart contract modules.

3. Unified API

4. Assign aliases to users instead of using base-58 addresses.

5. Multiple levels of control.

6. Hierarchical account system allowing to set permissions at any level.

7. Ability to have multiple Openchain instances replicating from each other.

Consensus mechanism: Partionned Consensus

Useful links:

• Openchain’s official website: https://www.openchain.org/

• Openchain on github: https://github.com/openchain

15. Quorum

Quorum us an open source distributed ledger and smart contract platform based on Ethereum.

Quorum’s key features include:

1. Cakeshop — provides an easy to use graphic interface for working with Quorum networks, smart contracts, and APIs

2. Ideal for applications requiring high speed and high throughput processing of private transactions

Consensus mechanism: Consensus model based on majority voting. Raft-based consensus model for faster blocktimes, transaction finality, and on-demand block creation.

Useful links:

• Quorum’s official website: https://www.jpmorgan.com/country/US/EN/Quorum

• Quorum on github: https://github.com/jpmorganchase/quorum

16. Stellar

Stellar is an open-source, distributed payments infrastructure that connects banks, payments systems, and people. Stellar enables building of mobile wallets, banking tools, smart devices. It provides RESTful HTTP API servers called Horizon, which connect to Stellar Core, the backbone of the Stellar network.

Consensus mechanism: Stellar Consensus Protocol

Useful links:

• Stellar official website: https://www.stellar.org

• Stellar Consensus Protocol: https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf

17. Symbiont Assembly

Symbiont Assembly, inspired by Apache Kafka, is the distributed ledger that powers the Symbiont Smart Securities platform.

Symbiont Assembly’s key features include:

1. Capability to handle thousands of transactions per second.

2. Assembly API — ReSTful, standard JSON over HTTP.

Consensus mechanism: Byzantine Fault-Tolerance

Useful links:

• Symbiont Assembly’s official website: